
Physical & Chemical Properties
| Name | Vivianite |
|---|---|
| Scientific Name | hydrated iron(II) phosphate mineral |
| Mineral Group | Monoclinic. Crystals prismatic, tabular, equant; in clusters, radial groups. Also massive, bladed, fibrous; crusts, earthy masses. |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 1.5-2 |
| Color | darkens to shades of green and blue, then dark green, dark bluish green, dark purplish, blueish black |
| Origin | United States: Lemhi County ,Bolivia, Llallagua and Poopo |
| Chemical Formula | Fe3(PO4)2 · 8H2O. |
| Crystal System | Monoclinic |
|---|---|
| Specific Gravity | 2.64-2.68 |
| Birthstone | St Agnes, Cornwall, England |
| Refractive Index | 1.569 and 1.675 |
| Optical Character | Biaxial + |
| Dispersion | Weak |
| Major Sources | United States: California; Colorado; Delaware; Florida; Maryland; New Jersey; Black Hills, South Dakota (in pegmatites). Australia; Canada; England; France; Germany; Japan; Russia. |
| Treatments | Vivianite treatments in industrial wastewater management focus on managing, removing, or recovering iron phosphate ( ) that precipitates in anaerobic digesters, pipes, and centrifuges. Techniques include acid cleaning (hydrochloric acid), mechanical removal (hydro-jetting), and modern magnetic separation to recover phosphorus and iron for sustainable fertilizer/battery industry use. |
| Common Enhancements | Vivianite, a rare hydrated iron phosphate mineral ( ), is known for its dramatic color changes from colorless or pale green to deep blue or black upon exposure to light and oxygen. Because of its high sensitivity, "enhancements" for this mineral usually refer to environmental preservation techniques to maintain its color, or, in scientific contexts, treatments to increase its reactivity and stability as a phosphorus fertilizer or for industrial phosphorus recovery. |
| Price Range | $5 - $100 |
| Care Instructions | Store your vivianite specimens out of the light to protect their color. Consult our gemstone jewelry cleaning guide for more recommendations. |
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